Dr.V.M.Palaniappan, Ph.D.

Featured Post

SEE MY SPECIAL APPROACH FOR AN IMMEDIATE RECOGNITION OF A ‘PREMATURE’ AND BREAKTHROUGH HEALTHSCIENCE DISCOVERY, THAT WAS ‘RESISTED’ ALL THIS WHILE

SEE MY SPECIAL APPROACH FOR AN IMMEDIATE RECOGNITION OF A ‘ PREMATURE ’  AND BREAKTHROUGH  HEALTH SCIENCE  DISCOVERY , THAT ...

Your needs / Objectives / Indemnification

After reading my articles, if you are convinced of their worthiness/ usefulness, you may want to kindly spread the news to your friends suggesting to read what you had read.

My ambition is to reach out to the World Health Organisation, so that my findings will become useful to people worldwide.
'
I will be happy to cooperate / coordinate with any scientist for the furtherance of my findings.

I am extremely THANKFUL to GOOGLE for their fantastic and free services all the time, for reaching out to the public at large.


Indemnification: All my articles are based on MY OWN research, and I strongly believe that they are true. I have been requesting the W.H.O. and Malaysian Ministry of Health to evaluate my discoveries. Until they are approved for use, the Readers of all my articles should get the approval of a Registered Medical Practitioner prior to practising them, and I should not be held responsible for any mishap at all.





With best wishes and thanks,
Dr. Palani, Ph.D.




Ecological Healing System

Powered By Blogger

ALL THE TIME: Popular Posts

Monday, May 28, 2012

SEXIEST WOMAN


SEXIEST WOMAN

(© Dr.V.M.Palaniappan)

Do you wish to see the so-called world’s sexiest woman? If yes, you may want to visit the following site:


She is indeed a wonderful singer, and is very, very attractive to men folks. (You can also see a nice video in the above link)

Every man will be lost on seeing her.

This being the case, I asked the opinion of a woman.

She said, “Mmmmm… what is so big about it … of course she has big and shapely breasts. However, her hips are not adequately curved. Her back, hmn.. too big that I will not feel comfortable to wear tight clothes to show off to the public…What is so sexy about her…I don’t understand! You men are too crazy..!”

Well folks, remember, these words have come from ANOTHER WOMAN!.

Women do not seem to understand what could be sexy to men.

We fall for big breasts, and no man will deny that!

Likewise, big buttocks too attract men, when women feel uncomfortable about it.

Deeply curved waistline alone appears to be the appreciable common feature to both genders - man and woman at the same time!

The absence of a very deep cut at the hip in this girl degrades her in the opinion of other women!  What a pity!

Have you tried holding a girl by her hips? It would feel a lot  nice! You have to experience it to say something about it.

**************
Do you know what gives this pretty girl such HUGE (and very shapely) breasts?

By now, ALL the followers of our BLOG should have known the science-based answer very well.

If you have guessed it, it should correct!

Yes, this girl must have been UNDER-URINATING ALL HER LIFE - perhaps only thrice daily.

At the same time, she must have been eating SMALL QUANTITIES OF FOOD.

Of course, her parents must have been nice-looking people.

If her parents were ugly-looking, and even if her mother had small-sized and much under-developed breasts, this girl, with her lifestyle, would have developed big breasts, but could have been ugly-looking.

I have observed, if growing up girls spend most of their daytime SITTING rather that walking around or standing, they seem to be developing BIG buttocks.

An action that boosts the buttocks size appears to be WEARING VERY TIGHT CLOTHES AT THE WAIST. 

Wearing a tight belt does that, too!

Even men wearing very tight belts (or tight underwear and pants) tend to develop big buttocks.

Along with time, if they continue wearing such clothes at the waist, their buttocks become TOO HUGE - sure making them look much unattractive!

(Since men do not have milk producing cells/ducts in their breast areas, the excess calcium accumulates in the STOMACH rather than in the breasts! That is why you see some men wearing very tight pants/belt tend to develop big buttocks and BIG POT-BELLY. You can read a little more on this a while later in this article.)

OK, how does the tight belt contribute to big buttocks?

***********
In the first place the cells that make up the tissues, which combine to form muscles, and then an organ - in this case the buttocks, GET FILLED WITH CALCIUM.

Each cell, as a result of such calcium accumulation, enlarges in its SIZE. This is called HYPER TROPHY!

When all the cells enlarge thus, the entire buttocks becomes huge - and the exact size depends upon the amount of calcium that goes inside each of the cells there.

Well, what makes the buttock cells in particular to absorb this calcium?

Further, where does this calcium come from?

Here is the answer for both the above questions:

As I pointed out earlier, ALL the food we eat contains calcium. Some food itmes contain less, some medium, and others plenty.

Body requires about 500 mg of calcium daily.

If we happen to consume too much of calcium, under normal circumstances, the excess gets out of our body through URINATIONS.

If we happen to UNDER-URINATE, then the free calcium will have to necessarily be stored in some place within the body.

This calcium does NOT get retained in the BLOOD, because the CALCITONIN that secretes from the THYROID gland, does NOT allow the retention of UNLIMITED quantities of calcium in the blood.

The calcitonin ‘pushes’ the excess calcium into the LYMPH.

The lymphatic system carries such calcium excesses all over the body for even distribution.

However, if a person wears VERY TIGHT BELT (OR ANY SUCH THING) at the waist, then, the lymph fluid will NOT be able to FLOW elsewhere, but STAY IMMEDIATELY BELOW THE BELT LINE AND ALSO ABOVE THE BELT LINE.

What accumulates BELOW beltline (from toes to waist) will form THE BIG BUTTOCKS.

The calcium that is left ABOVE the BELTLINE, will be carried by LYMPH fluid to upper parts of the body.

The BREASTS in nature are given with CALCIUM-SCAVENGING potentials (with special cells to attract, retain and convert into MILK, for feeding her baby).

Hence, these cells tend to absorb most of the CALCIUM EXCESS THAT accumulates on the UPPER part of the body.

Then, the SAME PROCESS of HYPERTROPHY occurs, making EACH of the CELLS in the BREAST to become BIG, thus the WHOLE BREAST becomes BIG.

What do you think the end result of this process will be?

Sad! But I have to mention it.

If the person does NOT stop wearing tight belt at the waist, and if the person does not urinate liberally, then, more and more of this calcium will accumulate in these two regions, resulting in HUGE buttocks and equally HUGE breasts, making them look totally unappealing to the men, and causing UNCOMFORTABLE DISCOMFORT to the woman!

Then, after this, if the same process continues, I am sorry even to think, that such a person become OBESE, and CAN develop LUMPS & CYSTS in the breasts, which can easily turn out to be cancerous.

Of course, if the woman happens to deliver a baby, she can escape from this tragic situation, because most of the accumulated calcium would get lost!

Reproduction and breast feeding can save a woman from such tragedies.

The best perhaps is to URINATE LIBERALLY, and get rid of the calcium excesses! Wearing loose clothes at the waist would help, of course!

Well, my dear girl friends (?... !), please take care!

With best wishes,
Dr.Palani, Ph.D.

Wednesday, May 23, 2012

FRONTAL BALDING CAN BE DEFINITELY AVOIDED

((c) 23 May, 2012: Dr.V.M.Palaniappan, Ph.D.)

Part-1: 
FACE READING AND PERSONALITY PREDICTIONS IN A SCIENTIFIC WAY

Friends, I will do it for you FREE. All I need is a photograph showing your face and the frontal hairline.

All I need is a view of your face, starting from your nose up to, say, an inch of your frontal hair. 

(If you wish, you can send a view of your whole face. However, I need only the upper part of your face for this purpose.)

I intend to restrict the offer of personality analysis only for the first TEN people, preferably 5 men and 5 women.

If you can provide your approximate age, that may help a little more for making accurate predictions.

In order to maintain your privacy, you can send me your identity with a note “IDENTITY: CONFIDENTIAL”. Or, you don’t have to send it at all.

For security reasons, you can send your photograph to my g-mail ID, which is: vmpalaniappan@gmail.com.  But, I have to necessarily publish your forehead region. If I don’t, it would not make any sense.

OK, friends, bye for now.
Dr. Palani, Ph.D.

Part-2:
FRONTAL BALDING CAN BE DEFINITELY AVOIDED

(© 1980, 2005, 23/5/2012: Dr.V.M.Palaniappan)

Dear Friends,

Several friends having frontal baldness have been asking me to help them.

Do you know why the forehead develops baldness?

Some girls too develop frontal baldness.

Why is it so?

TWO very simple reasons give rise to this problem.

Have you seen girls, who let their hair loose, and in whom the hair droops in front and hides the eyes,  shake (swing) their head frequently to push it away?

In addition to the above stylish way, they also slide their palm to push away the hair backward. 

They do this repeatedly. They are never tired of doing this.

The next time you watch a movie star being interviewed in a TV programme, better remember to watch this gesture.

Well, it is THIS KIND OF PALM SLIDING that brings about frontal balding in some of the people.

Men tend to use both their palms and slide them over the forehead, and tend to become victims of the problem.

*********
There are three other major problems:

One is, FREQUENT COMBING.

Second is, the way the comb is held: HORIZONTALLY.

The third is, USING A DIRTY COMB!

Let me copy-paste here the CULPRIT No.11 from my book HAIR PROBLEMS: CAUSES, CURE AND PREVENTION”.

The first edition of this title came out in 1980 in English (Soft Cover & Hard Cover Editions + Malaysian Language translation.)

It sold very well that I brought out THREE editions altogether.

That particular book dealt with all aspects of ECOLOGICAL reasons for the hair problems.

I did a lot of research AFTER that publication.

With the information I have gathered, I did some statistical analysis of the data, and brought out a much refined book with the same title in 2005.

To answer this question of FRONTAL BALDING, let me just COPY-PASTE here the ELEVENTH culprit that deals with FRONTAL BALDING.

****************
Culprit 11. The Comb (Figs. 18 - 24)

The scalp hair draws to it a variety of pollutants and dust particles from the environment, and becomes sticky in combination with the dandruff and sebum. 

Bacteria and fungi start thriving well on this substratum, causing hair pruning to create patchy baldness.

It would be better to avoid combing several times in a day.

This will become even more dangerous if repeated combing is done over the contaminated hair. 

If a comb is held in a slanting (i.e., horizontal) manner while combing from the front of the head, the person invariably develops frontal balding. 

A well-washed comb would become ‘dirty’ after a single combing of the unwashed hair. 

Numerous different kinds of problems would erupt if such a dirty comb is used.

Keeping a comb in the pocket and using it often will definitely create frontal balding, and hence it should be totally avoided. 

Fig.18. Frequent combing contributes to frontal and sparse balding.
(For some unknown reasons, I am unable to copy-paste the drawings... can anyone help, telling me how to do it...? Thanks.)


 Wooden combs, metal combs, combs that contain needle-like sharp edges, combs with narrow spacing meant for the removal of lice from head, etc. are not good for use, and hence they should be avoided as far as possible.

Combs, when not in use, should be kept on a plastic brush

Fig. 19.  If you cannot avoid keeping a pocket comb, first use it on the back of your head, and then do the frontal touch-up, remembering to hold your comb vertically.

Fig. 20. Double-edged, narrow-toothed comb will pull out a
lot of your hair, besides being a paradise for mircroorganisms.

Fig. 21. Do not injure your scalp: be kind to it.

Combs, when not in use, should be kept on a plastic brush rather than leaving them flat on dirty table floors, where they tend to pick up a lot of microbes.

Fig. 22.  Why not keep several combs, and use one for two days, so that cleansing will become a lot easier.

While combing, the combs should be held vertically, and the scalp should not be scratched.

Fig. 23. You can never keep your head clean this way.

Combs must be frequently cleansed, and such washings are better if done at the same time as one washes the hair with oil and shampoo.
  
Fig. 24. Thorough cleansing of the comb is of great importance.

*****************
OK, friends, I hope the above excerpts from my book "Hair Problems: Causes, Cure and Prevention” (1980, 2005) will be of some use to you for avoiding frontal baldness.

You may have another question to ask me.

“Prevention procedure is OK. 
What if, if I have already developed frontal baldness? 
Is there a cure for it. 
Can you help us in this regard?

Dear friends, Please see the book for more particulars.

OK, with best wishes,
Dr.Palani, Ph.D.

REFERENCES:

Palaniappan, V.M. (1981). Hair Problems: Causes, Cure, and Preventive Measures. Pub: Visalam Hair & Health Care Centre, Kuala Lumpur. 285 pp.
Palaniappan, V.M. (2005). Hair Problems: Causes, Cure, and Prevention. Pub: Ecohealth Sdn.Bhd., Kuala Lumpur. ISBN 978-967-9988-10-4. 285pp.

Monday, May 21, 2012


A NATURAL REMEDY FOR
SERIOUS ACID REFLUX

 (© 21 May, 2012: Dr.V.M.Palaniappan, Ph.D.)

Many people suffer from Acid Reflux.

If you have not suffered so far, you may not know what it can do the sufferer.

The following two form major problems:
(1)  Inability to eat food
(2)  Chest burn (simulates heart pain)

The above happen because of the inflammation of the upper part of the food canal called the gullet or oesophagus.

Do you know what causes the Acid Reflux?

The acid that secretes in the stomach flows back into the oesophagus, and that gives inflammation to the gullet.

Why should this acid flow back?

What induces excessive secretion of the acid in the stomach area?

The medical fraternity does not seem to know the exact reason for this problem.

However, several alternative medicines appear to have meaningful explanations for the phenomenon.

In fact, while there is no cure in modern medicine, the alternative medical people seem to have remedial measures for that.

The Acupucturists have definite approach to solving the problem, within a month or so.

Let me explain here the experience I have had in this regard, along with my findings and a solution for the problem.

***************
Since mid-2005, I have been working with my computer for about  16 hours daily - seven days a week, for several years, without any break.

You may wonder what kind of work I was involved that kept me occupied for such long periods.

I have been ‘writing’ (of course, using the computer) the following books: 

  1. The Human Diseases
  2. The True Causes of All Diseases
  3. Cancer: Causes, Cure and Prevention, and
  4. Diabetes: Causes, Cure and Prevention.
Those who read these books would know the existence of continuity, from one topic to another, without any abrupt disruption.

Such a writing would become possible only if the writer keeps writing non-stop.

To do that, you have to develop a passion for doing it.

I had all the above, and that was not by force, but of a natural desire - a passion to write them.

**********
Now, if I am to work for 16 hours at a stretch, I must have developed fatigue in the first place.

This I did not get.

That was so because I have been eating small meals several times during these long hours of work.

I must have had back ache sitting for such prolonged periods.

No! I did not get any at all. 

This was so because I have been doing BODY TOWEL MASSAGE daily for about 5 minutes, before taking my morning showers.

I must have had eye strain and headaches, because of seeing the monitor for such long duration.

No! I did not get both. 

Until this day, I have not been wearing any spectacles, and have not been getting headaches.

(The pad of Panadal I bought and kept in my First Aid Box is still there, getting expired of its validity date.)

The Eye Massage I do daily for 30 seconds while taking the showers, and the Breathing Exercise I do for about three minutes while offering my prayers after the shower daily take care of both the above problems.

Inadequate sleep: Somehow, may be because of my strong desire to complete each of those books, never gave me any problem related to inadequate sleep. 

My eyes never droop on their own, for want of sleep.

All these must had only little influence over the SEVERE ACID REFLUX I developed in 2011.

What else could have given me this problem?

***********
Let me explain my sufferings that were related to the Acid Reflux:

I recently suffered a MAJOR accident during the course of my RESEARCH work. 

This, I will explain in greater details with a Video presentation, at a later date.

As a result of the accident, I had to undergo TWO major surgeries in Selayang Hospital in Kuala Lumpur, between August and November, 2011.

(This is an excellent Government hospital in Kuala Lumpur, with ISO certification - absolutely marvelous establishment, which I can boldly say, is better than many of the private hospitals in - in EVERY respect!)

I was bedridden in the Hospital Ward for about 3½ months!

That is why I left our BLOG totally abandoned for about six months, until I resumed recently.

It was at this time I developed the ACID REFLUX, in  a very severe form!

I could not eat any food at all!

As a result of this, I lost 15 kg of my body weight.

I was 63kg +/- 1 kg, for 39 years, from 1970.

When my wife left me, I lost 3 kg, and was so for 3 years.
After the ACID REFLUX, for want of eating adequate food, I came down to 45 kg., became very weak, and started looking as though I had only skin and bone!

I looked as though I was victim of Anorexia nervosa (i.e., starving) problem.

With doctors’ help, I tried different kinds of latest medications available in the market - I mean in the hospital.

Nothing worked! 

I mean, everything worked for couple weeks, and then they started giving me serious side effects.

This was when I analysed my lifestyle in intense detail, and I found the reasons for the development of this Acid Reflux.

Before explaining the details, let me tell you what I did next.

I went to an Acupuncture Specialist in Kuala Lumpur.

The Acupuncture specialist is addressed as “Master” (and not a ‘doctor’).

He pricked pins on my scalp, at the back of my palms, and in a few locations closer to my ankle.

I had to go thrice a week for such a treatment. 

According to the Master, I had to undergo this treatment at least for next three months for a cure.

Since I have already traced the causative risk factors, I changed my lifestyle, and that helped me to find a cure in just 27 days!

Now, I am totally trouble-free, when it comes to the ‘perennial’ problem of acid reflux.

If only I knew the risk factors much earlier - in 2005, I would not have developed the Acid Reflux in the first place.

Let me explain here such contributive factors for the benefit of millions of people who have been suffering because of this Acid Reflux throughout their life.

Those who are healthy NOW, by knowing the details, can certainly avoid becoming a victim of this disease in future.

The mistakes are simple, but can be much damaging in the long run.

**************
The following are the TWO major causes for the problem:

  1. LATE NIGHT EATING HABIT.
My eating habit consisted of breakfast at 9.30 a.m.
Lunch at 2.00 p.m.
High tea at 6.00 p.m.
Dinner at 10.00 p.m.
Heavy supper at 1.00 a.m. - and this was just BEFORE going to bed.
           
Why should late-night eating give rise to ACID REFLUX?
           
Our intestines keep working (i.e., the peristalsis action) during day time, and they gradually decline when sun sets. 

It stops working with effect from about 10.00 p.m. or so, and a total stand-still by mid-night.      

This means, the food that is eaten AFTER 7.00 or 8.00 p.m., gets STAGNATED in various locations along the intestinal tract.
           
It stays so until about 5.30 a.m. or so in the next morning.

The cells in the lining of the intestine, called Adenomatous cells, ABSORB the water soluble, readily absorbable substances from the stagnated partially-digested food.

Mostly CALCIUM mineral (along with a few more, but in minor quantities) gets absorbed readily.

(Such calcium, on accumulation for a few years, gives rise to CANCER in some of the organs related to the intestinal tract. 

This is not our concern here. Therefore, let me move on to information related to Acid Refulx)

When the food gets stagnated at the stomach, THE ACID THAT IS SECRETED IN THE STOMACH ITSELF, gets mixed with the food, since the food stops moving down after past-midnight.

At this, we lie down flat on bed.

The sleeping horizontal position will not be helpful in sending the food even by the EARTH’S GRAVITATION PULL.

As a result, the acid gets pushed upwards into the oesophagus, and this is called REFLUX.

The repeated irritations caused by the acid give rise to the inflammation there, resulting in the narrowing of the gullet tube, thus closing the food passage.

2. CONSUMPTION OF EXCESSIVE OIL                             

I had to cook my own food.    

I liked fried food.                                                             

It is easier to fry food than to cook following other laborious procedures.

Oil-fried food keeps for several days in the fridge than the rest.

ABOVE ALL, I WANTED TO PROVE TO PEOPLE THAT CONSUMING EXCESSIVE OIL WILL NOT GIVE RISE TO LDL (bad cholesterol) CHOLESTEROL EXCESS.

For all these reasons, I have been consuming fried food ALL the time - day and night!

Such excessive oil consumption appears to be ANOTHER important causative factor for the development of ACID REFLUX.

***********
I have been suffering from this Acid Refulx to a lesser degree during the past several years.

However, the problem became SEVERE because of the continuously bed-ridden state in the WARD, during the period of SURGERY.

*********
So, the moral of the above event is:

  1. Do not eat late-night. (It would be better to FINISH eating solid food before 8.00 p.m. the latest. It would be better to finish eating by 7.30, if possible.)
  2. AVOID eating OILY food AFTER 7.30 or 8.00 p.m.
  3. If you are hungry (you are bound to be!) while keeping awake late-evenings, you can drink hot beverages or easily-digestible carbohydrates (e.g. rice-based, steam-cooked or boiled items), and not proteins and fats.
  4. Go to bed at 10.00 p.m., if possible, and never keep awake after 12.00 mid-night! (10.30 p.m. should still be alright. Going to bed at 11.00 p.m. can also be excusable occasionally - but not as a regular habit.)
*********
EMERGENCY HELP:
*     DO NOT CONSUME ANY OILY food, including butter, animal fat, margarine, etc. FOR FIRST ONE WEEK! (Eat only boiled or steam-cooked food, salt added). (If cooking chicken, meat, etc., boil them in water, decant the floating oil, cook rest of the meat, and eat. Anyway, this can be done   ONLY after ONE WEEK.)

* CAN DRINK TWICE OR THRICE FOR ONE DAY A GLASS OF BEETROOT JUICE, added with salt, without oil, at each occasion (by grinding beetroot, after peeling off the skin). Better to drink it hot. (Do not add pepper, etc.)

* EAT SEA COCONUT FRUIT (because, it is very highly alkaline): @ one piece before breakfast and one after. Repeat likewise for lunch and dinner. DO SO FOR JUST THREE DAYS.

* FINISH YOUR DINNER BEFORE 7.00 P.M. FOR SURE.
            (To help get sleep, as supper, drink porridge. This can be prepared by 'grinding' cooked rice + salt) + with water).

* FOR NEXT 3 DAYS ONLY: Drink ALKALINE WATER all the time.  (WARNING: Do NOT continue drinking alkaline water all the time. If you do, you will almost certainly develop lump, cyst, fibroid, polycystic ovary, etc. OR PROSTATE ENLARGEMENT, due to the accumulation of excessive calcium! Further, you can also develop OBESITY, MORBID OBESITY (i.e., disease-causing obesity), etc. See my books: The True Causes of All Diseases, Cancer: Causes, Cure and Prvention, etc.)

* AVOID CONSUMING ANYTHING THAT IS SOUR OR ACIDIC!  ABSOLUTELY NO SOFT DRINKS, OR FOODS WITH PRESERVATIVES for next one week. (No oranges, lemons, tamarind, vinegar, etc.)

*         DO NOT SLEEP IMMEDIATELY AFTER EATING STOMACH FULL.

*        WHILE SLEEPING, SLEEP ON YOUR LEFT HAND SIDE, FOR THE POSITIONING OF THE STOMACH IS SUCH THAT IT HELPS THE REFLUX IF YOU SLEEP ON YOUR RIGHT HAND SIDE.

*       MUST REST YOUR HEAD OVER A RAISED PILLOW. SLEEPING WITHOUT A PILLOW, OR USING A LOW-LEAVEL PILLOW ENCOURAGES BACK FLOW OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS (BASED ON EARTH'S GRAVITATIONAL PULL).

*      AVOID EATING HIGH PROTEIN FOOD (ESPECIALLY THAT OF ANIMAL ORIGIN - ALL MEAT ITEMS, SUCH AS MUTTON/LAMB, CHICKEN, BEEF, PORK, SEA FOOD, ETC. This is so because, during protein digestion, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is released. That will combine with water within the body to form Sulphuric Acid. This may not be good, especially while suffering from Acid Reflux. 

*      In all, easily digestible carbohydrate diet would be better for dinner time - as said earlier, dinner must be eaten before, say 8.00 p.m. the most.

*     Avoid wearing TIGHT CLOTHES (belt, pressing underclothes, skirt, etc.) as they would increase the ACID REFLUX problem during DAYTIME.

All the above would most probably cure your Acid Reflux, provided you strictly follow all the suggestions.

*  *  *   *   *   *

If you can seriously observe all the above, your health, in several respects, will be very good.

The Malaysian Chinese people eat their food at 6.30 or 7.00 p.m., which is very good. 

However, some people tend to eat very heavy (i.e., high density food: e.g., meat items) and oily food much later in the nights, these days - which may not be that good when it comes to health management.  

So, it would be better if they can change to good eating and sleeping habits.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON EATING HABITS TO FOLLOW, you may want to read my book OBESITY: CAUSES, CURE AND PREVENTION, published in 1998.

(NOTE: Indemnification: The above information is meant to be used only as a guidance. To practise it, as per Law, you must consult a Western Medical Practitioner. I cannot be blamed for any mishap. Also, please read the Disclaimer I have put up at the top of this Blog. Thanks.)

OK, friends, bye for now,
Dr. Palani.